O presente artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa que enfocou a avaliação de desempenho (AD) como um instrumento de poder utilizado na gestão de pessoas. Realizou-se um estudo de caso que utilizou entrevistas individuais com 14 participantes, sendo 4 diretores e gerentes e 10 trabalhadores da área administrativa e operacional. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a análise gráfica do discurso de Lane (1985). A análise dos dados indicou que os participantes (diretoria) percebiam as políticas de gestão de pessoas permeadas pela (...) ideologia dominante como uma forma de garantir a competitividade da empresa no mercado. Já os trabalhadores a percebiam como a possibilidade para o desenvolvimento profissional e a promoção. Os dados sugerem que os resultados da AD eram utilizados na gestão de pessoas apenas quando sustentavam/confirmavam as práticas e decisões da diretoria relacionadas às políticas de pessoal. Assim, a AD pode ser considerada um instrumento de poder na gestão de pessoas, porém tendo seu uso limitado a fatores externos à técnica quando subsidia as ações dos diretores. (shrink)

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma investigação sobre narrativas de gênero produzidas por um grupo de acadêmicas cabo-verdianas, focando nas suas perspectivas acerca dos discursos recentes sobre feminismo. Ao nível analítico lexical, a análise das narrativas teve como suporte o Sistema de Avaliatividade. Ao nível analítico interpretativo, as representações das narradoras foram analisadas e acordo com a abordagem de Fairclough em conjuntos de conceitos de Estudos feministas. Os resultados apontam que o termo gênero foi usado como sinônimo de equilíbrio entre os (...) sexos. Esta perspectiva permitiu que as narradoras se posicionassem no sentido de que as relações desiguais de gênero afetam ambos os gêneros, mesmo tendo conhecimento que historicamente as condições de vida mulheres foram construídas em de desvantagem em relação aos homens. O pouco uso dos termos feminista/feminismo foi atrelado a significados atributivos e avaliativos que os representavam como ‘muito fortes’. Neste sentido, estes termos parecem se referir a uma agenda excludente que diz respeito apenas às necessidades das mulheres. Em conclusão, as avaliações das participantes sobre as categorias gênero e feminismo expressam a complexidade de suas experiências locais, que algumas vezes são representadas como contraditórias. (shrink)

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma investigação sobre narrativas de gênero produzidas por um grupo de acadêmicas cabo-verdianas, focando nas suas perspectivas acerca dos discursos recentes sobre feminismo. Ao nível analítico lexical, a análise das narrativas teve como suporte o Sistema de Avaliatividade. Ao nível analítico interpretativo, as representações das narradoras foram analisadas e acordo com a abordagem de Fairclough em conjuntos de conceitos de Estudos feministas. Os resultados apontam que o termo gênero foi usado como sinônimo de equilíbrio entre os (...) sexos. Esta perspectiva permitiu que as narradoras se posicionassem no sentido de que as relações desiguais de gênero afetam ambos os gêneros, mesmo tendo conhecimento que historicamente as condições de vida mulheres foram construídas em de desvantagem em relação aos homens. O pouco uso dos termos feminista/feminismo foi atrelado a significados atributivos e avaliativos que os representavam como ‘muito fortes’. Neste sentido, estes termos parecem se referir a uma agenda excludente que diz respeito apenas às necessidades das mulheres. Em conclusão, as avaliações das participantes sobre as categorias gênero e feminismo expressam a complexidade de suas experiências locais, que algumas vezes são representadas como contraditórias. (shrink)

We are fallible creatures, prone to making all sorts of mistakes. So, we should be open to evidence of error. But what constitutes such evidence? And what is it to rationally accommodate it? I approach these questions by considering an evolutionary debunking argument according to which (a) we have good, scientific, reason to think our moral beliefs are mistaken, and (b) rationally accommodating this requires revising our confidence in, or altogether abandoning the suspect beliefs. I present a dilemma for such (...) debunkers, which shows that either we have no reason to worry about our moral beliefs, or we do but we can self-correct. Either way, moral skepticism doesn’t follow. That the evolutionary debunking argument fails is important; also important, however, is what its failure reveals about rational belief revision. Specifically, it suggests that getting evidence of error is a non-trivial endeavor and that we cannot learn that we are likely to be mistaken about some matter from a neutral stance on that matter. (shrink)

Evolutionary debunking arguments start with a premise about the influence of evolutionary forces on our evaluative beliefs, and conclude that we are not justified in those beliefs. The value realist holds that there are attitude-independent evaluative truths. But the debunker argues that we have no reason to think that the evolutionary forces that shaped human evaluative attitudes would track those truths. Worse yet, we seem to have a good reason to think that they wouldn’t: evolution selects for characteristics that increase (...) genetic fitness—not ones that correlate with the evaluative truth. Plausibly, the attitudes and judgments that increase a creature’s fitness come apart from the true evaluative beliefs. My aim in this paper is to show that no plausible evolutionary debunking argument can both have force against the value realist and not collapse into a more general skeptical argument. I conclude that there is little hope for evolutionary debunking arguments. This is bad news for the debunker who hoped that the cold, hard scientific facts about our origins would debunk our evaluative beliefs. And it is good news for the realist. (shrink)

Evolutionary debunking arguments move from a premise about the influence of evolutionary forces on our moral beliefs to a skeptical conclusion about those beliefs. My primary aim is to clarify this empirically grounded epistemological challenge. I begin by distinguishing among importantly different sorts of epistemological attacks. I then demonstrate that instances of each appear in the literature under the ‘evolutionary debunking’ title. Distinguishing them clears up some confusions and helps us better understand the structure and potential of evolutionary debunking arguments.

We often hear such casual accusations: you just believe that because you are a liberal, a Christian, an American, a woman… When such charges are made they are meant to sting—not just emotionally, but epistemically. But should they? It can be disturbing to learn that one's beliefs reflect the influence of such irrelevant factors. The pervasiveness of such influence has led some to worry that we are not justified in many of our beliefs. That same pervasiveness has led others to (...) doubt whether there is any worry here at all. I argue that evidence of irrelevant belief influence is sometimes, but not always, undermining. My proposal picks out ordinary, non-skeptical cases in which we get evidence of error. It says that, in those cases, evidence of irrelevant influence is epistemically significant. It shows how respecting evidence of error is compatible with the epistemic lives we see ourselves living. We are fallible creatures, yes, but we are also capable and intelligent ones. We can recognize and correct for our own error so as to improve our imperfect, yet nevertheless robust, epistemic lives. (shrink)

The fact of moral disagreement when conjoined with Conciliationism, an independently attractive view about the epistemic significance disagreement, seems to entail moral skepticism. This worries those who like Conciliationism, the independently attractive view, but dislike moral skepticism. Others, equally inclined against moral skepticism, think this is a reductio of Conciliationism. I argue that they are both wrong. There is no reductio and nothing to worry about.

Can citizens impact the broader discourse about an organization and its legitimacy? While social media have empowered citizens to publicly question firms through large volumes of online evaluations, the high heterogeneity of their evaluations dilutes their impact. Our empirical study applying a threshold vector autoregressive model (TVAR) analysis of 2.5 million tweets and 1,786 news media articles tests the condition by which the heterogeneity of online evaluations converges and influences the broader media discourse. Although social media evaluations do not initially (...) influence media legitimacy, they become influential after reaching a tipping point of refracted attention, which is created by high volume and convergence of individual evaluations around few aggregative frames. Thus, social media storms may influence the broader discourse about an organization when this discourse converges and reaches a tipping point, rather than merely through the massive participation of citizens. (shrink)

It’s intuitive to think that (a) the more sure you are of something, the harder it’ll be to change your mind about it, and (b) you can’t be open-minded about something if you’re very sure about it. If these thoughts are right, then, with minimal assumptions, it follows that you can’t be in a good position to both escape echo chambers and be rationally resistant to fake news: the former requires open-mindedness, but the latter is inimical to it. I argue (...) that neither thought is true and that believing them will get us all mixed up. I show that you can be open-minded and have confidently held beliefs, and that beliefs in which you are less sure are not, thereby, more fragile. I close with some reflections on the nature of rational belief change and open-mindedness and a brief sketch about what might actually help us in the fight against misinformation and belief polarization …. [please read below the rest of the article]. (shrink)

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir, com fundamentação teórica na Psicologia Analítica de C. G. Jung, as concepções de médicos e psicólogos sobre o processo saúde-doença e a formação do profissional para atuar em contexto hospitalar. A partir de uma pesquisa em campo qualitativa-descritiva, est..

Zhuangzi purports to follow a particular method of viewing human emotion and suggests freeing oneself from worldly emotions—this is called “doctrine of non-emotion” (wuqing shuo 無情說). This article attempts to show that the idea of non-emotion in Zhuangzi does not in any way conflict with the expression of emotion in poetry, and moreover, it provides a foundation for the poet to express his emotions naturally and freely. We will use the Chinese poetry of the Wei-Jin Period—a period that is strongly (...) influenced by the philosophy of Zhuangzi, yet at the same time emphasizes the expression of the poet's emotion in poetry—as an example to show how fruitful it indeed is when Zhuangzi's philosophy becomes applied to Chinese poetry. (shrink)

Should learning we disagree about p lead you to reduce confidence in p? Some who think so want to except beliefs in which you are rationally highly confident. I argue that this is wrong; we should reject accounts that rely on this intuitive thought. I then show that quite the opposite holds: factors that justify low confidence in p also make disagreement about p less significant. I examine two such factors: your antecedent expectations about your peers’ opinions and the difficulty (...) of evaluating your evidence. I close by proposing a different way of thinking about disagreement. (shrink)

Based on the analysis of Zhuangzi, this paper attempts to illustrate the positive aspects of Zhuangzi’s idea concerning contented acceptance of fate, whi...

O ingresso na universidade acarreta mudanças na vida dos estudantes universitários, fato que pode levar à adoção de hábitos não saudáveis que podem resultar em impactos negativos na saúde e na qualidade de vida (QV) desses jovens. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da prática de Yoga na QV de estudantes universitários participantes do programa de extensão universitária intitulado “Yoga: Awaken ONE”. O estudo caracterizou-se como pré-experimental, do tipo antes e depois. Os participantes foram submetidos (...) a aulas práticas de Yoga duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas. As aulas tiveram duração de 60 minutos. Para avaliação da QV pré e pós intervenção foi utilizado o questionário WHOQOL-bref. No que diz respeito aos Domínios da QV e QV global, não houveram diferenças significativas em nenhuma das variáveis investigadas (p>0,05). Com base nos achados do presente estudo, conclui-se que duas práticas semanais de Yoga não tiveram efeito significativo na QV dos estudantes investigados. Dessa forma, encoraja-se novos estudos com maior tempo de intervenção e com número maior de participantes. (shrink)

Christianity has a long presence in the Maghreb, dating back to Roman imperial times. Eventually it became a mostly Muslim region, but in the late nineteenth century, the Roman Catholic Church embarked on a vast mission of church building, in part to assist the French colonial endeavor. In Tunisia, political independence in 1956 was accompanied by a further reinvigoration of Christianity, and, over the last twenty years, conversion to Christianity has been on the rise. Beginning in 2003, workers and students (...) from sub-Saharan Africa have contributed to the growth of both Catholic and Protestant churches in Tunis. This article analyzes the ways in which various Christian groups organize and articulate their religious practice and proselytization in ritual spaces that are sparse and must be shared in contemporary Tunisia. (shrink)

Sociolinguistics is a young and vigorous branch of linguistics. Brought to life in the late 1960s through the pioneering work on urban dialects by William Labov and his students, it developed rapidly. From the end of the 1970s, it expanded to include a vast range of studies focusing on various relations between language and society. From sociolinguistics in the narrow sense—the study of correlations between linguistic and nonlinguistic variables—it came to be used as an umbrella term of loosely connected research (...) into the interdependence and mutual influence of language and social life. Nowadays, sociolinguistics is an interdisciplinary field, focusing on such issues as social dialects, multilingualism, language planning, and language reform and change. (shrink)

In 1977, the first computer-assisted proof of a mathematical theorem was presented by K. Appel and W. Haken. The proof was met with a lot of criticism from both mathematicians and philosophers. In this paper, I present some examples of computer-assisted proofs, including Appel and Haken’s work. Then, I analyze the most famous arguments against the equal acceptance of computer-based and human-based proofs in mathematics and examine the philosophical assumptions behind the presented criticism. In the conclusion, I talk about whether (...) the philosophical assumptions are justified as they are, or one needs to take a specific philosophical position to accept them. (shrink)

In Psychology, the issue of language usage as a means of action in psychological life requires that we question the relations between the forms of language expression and their psychological functions. The current paper contributes to an understanding of this question. The relation between form and function is examined here, with particular focus on a discursive and dialogic method employed in the Activity Clinic approach to elicit controversy as a means of developing dialogical thinking. We argue that the interfunctionality of (...) levels of dialogue serves developmental processes, promoting thought and the possibilities for its elaboration. We describe these developmental processes on the basis of an empirical analysis of a sequence from an intervention conducted with Roman Catholic Priests on preaching in homily. Our methodological frameworks have the function of vivifying dialogical thinking about work, by making use of the interfunctionality of levels of dialogue and the vital function of social relations in the psychological life of the subjects. (shrink)

In the late 1990s, computational technology had advanced sufficiently that astrophysicists were able to construct reasonably high resolution computer simulations of the Local Group of galaxies. These simulations indicated there should be around 250 small satellite galaxies orbiting the Milky Way and Andromeda. In the real Local Group, however, only around 40 satellites had been observed, and only twenty or so more have been discovered since then. Despite this discrepancy in numbers, claims have been made in recent years that the (...) ‘missing satellites problem’ has been solved. Using the examples of the constructed luminosity curve, and hydrodynamic simulations, this paper explores how simulations are used in conjunction with observation to ‘solve’ the missing satellites problem. It is suggested that the simulated universes have sufficient complexity to be understood as worlds in their own right, ones that can be measured and observed. By demonstrating that these virtual worlds are sufficiently ‘realistic’ with respect to observations, astrophysicists are able to make a robust argument for the existence of ‘dark’, non-observable astrophysical objects. Observational and simulated data are combined to demonstrate the plausibility—a term that develops more ontologically meaningful connotations—of both the existence and the maintenance of dark satellites. It is thus through the conflation of the real and virtual worlds, the blending of simulation data with empirical data, that the missing satellites problem is ‘solved’. (shrink)

RESUMO Esta pesquisa aborda o ato interpretativo e tem como objetivo conhecer melhor a atuação do intérprete de língua brasileira de sinais (Libras), que atua na modalidade simultânea, no contexto de Conferências acadêmicas. A reflexão sobre esta prática baseia-se em autores que se fundamentam em conceitos bakhtinianos. Assim, foi desenvolvida pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa, usando a técnica da autoconfrontação simples na coleta de dados. O estudo mostrou que a conferência é um contexto complexo de atuação para esses profissionais, quanto: (...) (i) ao tempo necessário para tomada de decisões; (ii) à exposição resultante do destaque físico; (iii) à posição, ao lado ou um pouco à frente no palco, e (iv) ao preparo, que por vários motivos nem sempre é possível ser previamente executado. A compreensão mais aprofundada do contexto de interpretação em Conferência favorece a proposição de ações formativas adequadas às demandas e indica a necessidade de novos estudos nesse campo. (shrink)

Desafios e dilemas da condição de trabalho de professores iniciantes no magistério público no DF Resumo: Este trabalho se origina nas preocupações voltadas às condições de trabalho de professores que iniciam na docência e tem por objetivo estudar a condição de trabalho do professor no início da carreira, buscando entender os desafios e dilemas enfrentados, no intuito de contribuir com a análise da realidade da atividade docente. O foco é o professor iniciante na Secretaria de Educação do Distrito Federal. Os (...) resultados são obtidos a partir da análise documental em legislações e publicações no Diário Oficial do DF, e na aplicação de questionários e entrevistas. Os dados revelam um quantitativo expressivo de desistentes na carreira, compreendido em um terço dos professores que são aprovados no concurso público, anunciando questões objetivas ligadas as condições de trabalho, nos levando em questionar a necessidade de políticas de formação pensadas a partir da realidade do trabalho docente. Chamamos atenção para a omissão de políticas públicas diante do caso, como um fator condicionador para intensificar ainda mais as dificuldades enfrentadas nesta etapa da carreira. Se espera contribuir para a produção de conhecimento na área de formação de professores no que se refere aos dilemas vividos pelo professor iniciante, visando fundamentar propostas sobre acompanhamento profissional dos docentes iniciantes na carreira. Palavras-chave: Trabalho Docente; Professor Iniciante; Condições de Trabalho Challenges and dilemms of the working condition of initiating teachers in the public magistery in DF Abstract: This work originates from concerns about the working conditions of teachers who start teaching and aims to study the teacher's working condition at the beginning of their career, seeking to understand the challenges and dilemmas faced, in order to contribute to the analysis of reality teaching activity. The focus is the beginner teacher at the Education Department of the Federal District. The results are obtained from documentary analysis in legislation and publications in the Federal Official Gazette, and in the application of questionnaires and interviews. The data reveal an expressive number of dropouts in the career, comprised in one third of the teachers who are approved in the public exam, announcing objective questions related to working conditions, leading us to question the need for training policies designed from the reality of the work. teacher. We call attention to the omission of public policies in the case, as a conditioning factor to further intensify the difficulties faced at this stage of the career. It is expected to contribute to the production of knowledge in the area of ​​teacher training with regard to the dilemmas experienced by the beginning teacher, aiming to substantiate proposals on professional accompaniment of teachers beginning in their careers. Key words: Teaching Work; Beginner Teacher; Work conditions Challenges and dilemms of the working condition of initiating teachers in the public magistery in DF Resumen: Este trabajo nace de inquietudes sobre las condiciones laborales de los docentes que inician la docencia y tiene como objetivo estudiar la condición laboral del docente al inicio de su carrera, buscando comprender los desafíos y dilemas que enfrenta, con el fin de contribuir al análisis de la realidad de la actividad docente. El enfoque es el maestro principiante en el Departamento de Educación del Distrito Federal. Los resultados se obtienen del análisis documental en la legislación y publicaciones en el Diario Oficial de la Federación, y en la aplicación de cuestionarios y entrevistas. Los datos revelan un expresivo número de abandonos en la carrera, comprendido en un tercio de los docentes que son aprobados en el examen público, anunciando cuestiones objetivas relacionadas con las condiciones laborales, lo que nos lleva a cuestionar la necesidad de políticas de formación diseñadas a partir de la realidad del trabajo. profesor. Llamamos la atención sobre la omisión de políticas públicas en el caso, como factor condicionante para intensificar aún más las dificultades enfrentadas en esta etapa de la carrera. Se espera contribuir a la producción de conocimiento en el ámbito de la formación docente frente a los dilemas vividos por el docente principiante, con el objetivo de fundamentar propuestas sobre el acompañamiento profesional del docente que se inicia en su carrera. Palabras clave : Trabajo Docente; Profesor principiante; Condiciones de trabajo. Data de registro: 18/02/2020 Data de aceite: 30/06/2021 Financiamento: CNPq, FAPDF. (shrink)

This article analyses the evolutionist discourses on the senses that emerged in the late 19th century, when theories on the evolution of species were in full sway. Drawing on newspapers, essays and medical literature, this article aims to set face to face the two currents of thought that I have identified regarding sensory evolution: the one that stressed the value of the progressive specialisation of the senses as evidence for human evolution mainly supported by Max Nordau, and the one which (...) regarded the sensory regrouping, exemplified by the phenomenon of synaesthesia, as the true symptom of evolution, strongly supported by Victor Segalen. A close examination of their arguments will provide clues concerning their relative position vis-à-vis the theory that stressed the exceptional nature of humankind among all living beings. Based on newspapers, essays and medical literature, this paper, which straddles several fields (history of science, philosophy, cultural history and aesthetics) aims to set both positions face to face, examining their arguments in detail and establishing their genealogies. This will lead to a better understanding of the scope and range of evolutionist discourses in the fin de siècle culture and on their impact upon artistic practices. (shrink)

Alan Hájek launches a formidable attack on the idea that deliberation crowds out prediction – that when we are deliberating about what to do, we cannot rationally accommodate evidence about what we are likely to do. Although Hájek rightly diagnoses the problems with some of the arguments for the view, his treatment falls short in crucial ways. In particular, he fails to consider the most plausible version of the view, the best argument for it, and why anyone would ever believe (...) it in the first place. In doing so, he misses a deep puzzle about deliberation and prediction – a puzzle which all of us, as agents, face, and which we may be able to resolve by recognizing the complicated relationship between deliberation and prediction. (shrink)

As crianças participam de corpo inteiro nos seus mundos de vida, visibilizando a natureza incorporada da ação humana. A partir de uma pesquisa etnográfica com crianças em nível de doutorado, sua empiria e bases teóricas, vimos que o corpo das crianças está na base de toda sua experiência social, mediador das relações, das práticas, dos discursos, das apropriações do Outro e do mundo. Tal ideia precisa ser considerada nas práticas pedagógicas, para que vençamos os fortes mecanismos de controle e dominação (...) que instituem e orientam um ordenamento social normativo do modelo ideal de corpo disciplinado e obediente, que marginaliza e exclui o corpo da criança ávido por descobrir e descobrir-se na sua relação novidável e embrionária com o mundo. As crianças como atores sociais de corpo inteiro têm na sua ação incorporada uma de suas formas de participar dos contextos coletivos de educação pela qual expressam seus pontos de vista. Palavras-chaves: Corpo. Criança. Educação Infantil. Direitos. Direitos de participação. (shrink)

Freedom was, quite naturally, a dream cherished by every Brazilian slave. The desire for manumission - a more reliable route to freedom than the path of flight or revolt - was based on the experiences of other slaves in Brazil, a country open to all sorts of social adaptation practices. Consequently, the charters of liberty granted by masters and registered in notarial records have proved a rich source for the study of certain aspects of slavery itself. The similarity between the (...) title of the present article and that of the 1979 work To Be a Slave in Brazil reflects the fact that since the publication of that book, other authors have added to the bibliography on the subject of manumitted Brazilians, thus confirming the important role of this social group whose close connections with the slaves themselves were described in my previous study. In their experience of life, the manumitted slaves regularly encountered pitfalls that served as constant reminders of their skin color. Moreover, the daily lives of African blacks on the market, who at the time were merely African captives shipped to Brazil in various stages of youth and various degrees of adaptation to their slave status - along with the experiences of creole slaves (that is, those born in Brazil), of free-able slaves in the process of attaining freedom, of freed slaves, of children and grandchildren of manumitted slaves (who were therefore born free) - must all be understood not only in the context of their legal status but also and especially in the light of their subtly nuanced lives. (shrink)

How can the visual and textual data about an image – the image of a work of art – on recto and verso of a picture be interpreted? An analogical-art-documentary photograph represents a palimpsest to be considered layer by layer. The examples discussed in this article, which refer to both Aby Warburg himself and the first nucleus of the Warburg Institute Photographic Collection, contribute to effectively outline elements of the debate around the question of the photographic reproduction of the work (...) of art as well as of the position of photography in relation to the perception of the work of art. (shrink)

In June 1927, the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg celebrated "forty years of bibliophily". On the occasion of the sixtieth birthday of his brother Max, Aby Warburg organized a guided tour of his library and a photographic exhibition presented with original documents: one example of the practical side of the "Bild und Wort" method. These two terms were used by Aby Warburg to describe a theme of his research, namely the complex relation between iconographic and textual tradition and the theory of the (...) function of the human visual memory. At the same time, "image and word" were research tools, experimented by Warburg in structuring his lectures as reading plus slideshow plus guided visit of the panels and in creating a photographic collection in his Library. It was from this lecturing and exhibiting practice, and from the desire to collect and disseminate his research in a suitable manner, that Warburg’s project for an atlas-book, entitled Mnemosyne, took its origin and form. "The" Mnemosyne was intended to be a work dedicated to the investigation of the dynamics of the Western tradition and its cultural memory, focusing on the examples provided by the "posthumous life" of antiquity during the Renaissance. (shrink)

After some general remarks about the contemporary debate on concepts and about the justification of the so-called definition question, I try to participate in this debate by criticizing what I take to be an instructive approach to concepts and concept possession, viz. Hans-Johann Glock's proposal to view concepts as rules or principles rather than abilities. I address his attempt to distinguish between sorting and classifying, his objections to the idea that concepts are abilities and his contention that thoughts and concepts (...) are to be regarded as the content of thinking. I advocate a deflationary approach to concepts and try to raise doubts about the claim that thoughts have a language-independent structure. (shrink)

In this article, I show why it is necessary to abolish the use of predictive algorithms in the US criminal justice system at sentencing. After presenting the functioning of these algorithms in their context of emergence, I offer three arguments to demonstrate why their abolition is imperative. First, I show that sentencing based on predictive algorithms induces a process of rewriting the temporality of the judged individual, flattening their life into a present inescapably doomed by its past. Second, I demonstrate (...) that recursive processes, comprising predictive algorithms and the decisions based on their predictions, systematically suppress outliers and progressively transform reality to match predictions. In my third and final argument, I show that decisions made on the basis of predictive algorithms actively perform a biopolitical understanding of justice as management and modulation of risks. In such a framework, justice becomes a means to maintain a perverse social homeostasis that systematically exposes disenfranchised Black and Brown populations to risk. (shrink)

La nota es una presentación, que no pretende ser exhaustiva, de los principales momentos de la tradición doxográfica sobre los términos "filósofo"y "filosofía" mostrando sus variaciones de significado. Se discute la atribución a Pitágoras de la creación de esos términos a partir de la importancia decisiva de Platón y Aristóteles en el establecimiento y configuración de la doxografía.

O objetivo central neste artigo é o de explicar o que é testemunho e como ele produz conhecimento e justificação. Conforme essa concepção, o testemunho é uma importante e habitual fonte de conhecimento e de justificação, bem como um conceito relevante em epistemologia social, comunicação e psicologia da aquisição de crença. Apesar de o testemunho, nessa concepção, não ser considerado uma fonte básica de conhecimento e justificação, é alegado que ele é uma fonte de conhecimento básico pois crenças básicas não (...) precisariam derivar de uma fonte básica. Assim, novas crenças podem ser geradas a partir do testemunho, mas novo conhecimento não pode ser produzido a não ser a partir de conhecimento anterior. Apesar disso, a posição defendida neste artigo considera que, mesmo que a justificação com base no testemunho seja, em última instância, dependente de outras fontes de justificação, o testemunho constitui uma fonte essencial tanto de conhecimento como de justificação. (shrink)

O foco de interesse neste artigo se coloca na relevância da noção de agência para análises de conhecimento em termos de virtude epistêmica, destacando a estratégia assumida por epistemólogos da virtude na defesa da tese de que podemos ser agentes responsáveis pelo que constitui nossa vida epistêmica, apesar de nossas crenças serem estados involuntários. Enquanto L. Zagzebski, invocando casos epistêmicos do tipo Frankfurt, alega que considerar agência epistêmica como condição necessária para o conhecimento permite oferecer uma análise que escapa à (...) famosa objeção de Gettier, E. Sosa refina sua teoria, oferecendo nova argumentação em favor da ideia de que há uma esfera epistêmica na qual podemos ser agentes e responsáveis pela aquisição de crenças verdadeiras devido à importância de nosso caráter cognitivo para a atribuição de conhecimento. Meu objetivo ao expor e comparar as posições de Zagzebski e de Sosa é colocar em relevo aspectos do atual estado da arte em epistemologia da virtude que favorecem explicações de conhecimento em termos de crédito. (shrink)